The varied sources of pollution make tackling the problem difficult. So does a lack of comprehensive data
people in India died in 2019 because of air pollution. In 2020 the covid-19 pandemic took around, but covid-free Indians were at least blessed with cleaner air as factories closed and roads emptied. As the country returns to normal, the country’s air is re-toxifying. Millions of Indians celebrated Diwali on November 4th by lighting a barrage of smog-producing firecrackers, for example. The next day PM2.
The biggest source of PM2.5 is households. By burning solid fuels such as wood and dung to cook food and heat dwellings, they account for between 27% and 50% of the country’s emissions. But certain toxins, such as sulphur dioxide, are mostly produced by India’s coal-guzzling power sector. Somewhere between 44% and 66% of the sulphur dioxide emitted in India comes from power plants .
There are also regional variations. Poorer states such as Uttar Pradesh tend to account for disproportionately large shares of household emissions; farmers in agricultural states such as Punjab pollute the atmosphere by burning crop waste to optimise their harvests. This is particularly stark during early November, when the stubble from rice crops are incinerated to make room for wheat.
Geography matters too. Cities such as Delhi and Kolkata suffer more because they are at the foothills of the Himalayas where toxic air settles easily. Cities on the coast, such as Mumbai and Chennai, enjoy the luxury of ocean winds dispersing toxins.difficult. So does a lack of comprehensive data. Most government-commissioned studies focus on emissions at the city level, and ignore the vast swathes of rural India, which is often at least as polluted as the urban centres.
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