Lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) demonstrate many superior properties of broadly-tunable multicolor emission and long emission lifetimes. This makes them well-suited for many light-emission applications. Despite many advantages, the further progress and practical applications of UCNPs face significant challenges.
Polarization is another important characteristic of fluorescence. It provides orientation and structural information in an additional dimension. Polarization has been extensively employed in the fluorescence polarization imaging technique. The inherent upconversion emission processes associated with the 4f electronic transition in UCNPs are typically weak and do not exhibit polarization characteristics.
Due to intrinsic loss, metallic nanostructures generally have low-quality factor values. They may cause a quenching effect due to direct contact with the emission materials. The Q value is a crucial parameter for resonant excitation. The typical range of Q factor for plasmonic resonances is up to a few tens. Some special designs like metal-insulator-metal structures can obtain a high Q factor. The emitters are close to the metallic surface.
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