Researchers say that current measurements of black holes are insufficient to determine the formation process of these invisible giants in the universe. The way a black hole spins can provide insight into its origins, particularly for binary black holes, which are two black holes that orbit each o
Caption: An MIT study finds that, for now, the catalog of known black hole binaries does not reveal anything fundamental about how black holes form. Pictured is a simulation of the light emitted by a supermassive black hole binary system where the surrounding gas is optically thin . Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center
A black hole’s origins can therefore be “spun” in different ways, depending on a model’s assumptions of how the universe works. Black hole binaries can also form through “dynamical assembly,” where two black holes evolve separately, each with its own distinct tilt and spin. By some extreme astrophysical processes, the black holes are eventually brought together, close enough to form a binary system. Such a dynamical pairing would likely occur not in a quiet galactic disk, but in a more dense environment, such as a globular cluster, where the interaction of thousands of stars can knock two black holes together.
With each binary detection, astronomers have estimated the respective black hole’s properties, including their mass and spin. They have worked the spin measurements into a generally accepted model of black hole formation and found signs that binaries could have both a preferred, aligned spin, as well as random spins. That is, the universe could produce binaries in both galactic disks and globular clusters.
They then tweaked the model slightly, altering its assumptions such that it predicted a slightly different orientation of preferred black hole spins. When they worked the same data into this tweaked model, they found the data shifted to line up with the new predictions. The data also made similar shifts in 10 other models, each with a different assumption of how black holes prefer to spin.
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