Even relatively small changes in cardiorespiratory fitness are associated with 'considerable' impact on clinical symptoms and mortality risk among individuals with and without CVD.
Kokkinos and colleagues analyzed data from 93,060 US veterans; of these, 95% were men and 5% were women . Overall, 72% of participants were White; 19.8% African American; 5.2% Hispanic; 1.9% Native American, Asian, or Hawaiian; and 1.2%, unknown.
CRF was unchanged in 25.1% of the cohort, increased in 29.3%, and decreased in 45.6%. The trend was similar for those with and without CVD. Generally, changes in CRF of at least 1.0 MET were associated with inverse and proportionate changes in mortality risk, regardless of baseline CRF status. For example, they note, a CRF decline of >2.0 METs was associated with a 74% increased mortality risk for low-fit individuals with CVD, and a 69% increase for those without CVD.
"Our findings make a persuasive argument that CRF is a strong and independent determinant of all-cause mortality risk, independent of genetic factors," Kokkinos said."We know that CRF is determined to some degree by genetic factors. However, improvements in aerobic capacity or CRF over time are largely the outcomes of regular engagement in aerobic activities of adequate intensity and volume.
"CRF is woefully underestimated as an index of health outcomes and survival," said Franklin, director of preventive cardiology and cardiac rehabilitation at Beaumont Health in Royal Oak, Michigan."Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity should be regularly promoted by the medical community."provides evidence for other exercise benefits that clinicians may not be aware of, he noted.
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