Born on this day in 1879, Albert Einstein reinvented space and time, foretelling a universe so bizarre and grand that it has challenged the limits of human imagination.
Just five years in, some scientists are already eager for something even more exotic. In a, physicist Vítor Cardoso suggested a coming shift to more unusual phenomena: “We need to look for strange but exciting signals,” he said.
In the 1920s, Alexander Friedmann, a Russian meteorologist-mathematician, adapted Einstein’s original equations to describe a universe that was growing or shrinking over time. Einstein wasn’t willing to accept an expanding universe — in fact, he had added a term to his equations to keep the cosmos static . But astronomer Edwin Hubble eventually made Einstein change his mind.
The leftover light from the Big Bang, the cosmic microwave background, offers clues to the distribution of matter in the early universe.Solid evidence of the Big Bang had to wait until 1964, when astronomers Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson serendipitously. Increasingly precise studies of this “cosmic microwave background” in the decades since, along with estimates of the ages of globular clusters, have narrowed in on the universe’s birthdate of 13.8 billion years ago.
In the early 1980s, physicist Alan Guth offered up an idea explaining why the universe is so “smooth,” as well as some other mysteries of the modern cosmos. Guth proposed that in the immediate moments after the Big Bang, during a brief period lasting just fractions of a second, the universe ballooned outward fast enough to spread out the matter uniformly, with only tiny deviations. From those small deviations where matter was slightly denser, galaxies would eventually form.
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